Partition - Kev Tsim Kho ntawm Northern Ireland

2024 Tus sau: Cyrus Reynolds | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-08 03:33

Keeb Kwm ntawm Ireland yog qhov ntev thiab nyuaj, nrog ntau tus neeg tawm tsam thiab cov neeg nyob hauv tebchaws tuaj txog ua ntej Ireland tau tawm tsam 800 xyoo rau kev ywj pheej los ntawm Askiv. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm thaum kawg ua tiav kev ywj pheej los lwm qhov teeb meem - kev tsim ntawm ob lub xeev cais ntawm no me me kob. Raws li qhov xwm txheej no thiab qhov xwm txheej tam sim no tseem ua rau cov neeg tuaj saib tsis meej, cia peb sim piav qhia qhov tshwm sim thiab vim li cas ob lub tebchaws sib txawv tshwm sim los ntawm kev faib tawm ntawm Republic of Ireland thiab Northern Ireland.

Irish Internal Divisions mus txog 20th Century

Txoj kev mus rau Ireland tau faib pib thaum Irish vajntxwv tau koom nrog kev ua tsov rog hauv pej xeem thiab Diarmaid Mac Murcha caw Anglo-Norman mercenaries los tawm tsam lawv hauv xyoo pua 12th. Xyoo 1170, Richard FitzGilbert, zoo dua lub npe hu ua "Strongbow", thawj zaug taw rau Irish av. Strongbow raug ntaus nrog lub teb chaws thiab ib tug hluas nkauj ces nws yuav Mac Murcha tus ntxhais Aoife thiab txiav txim siab hais tias nws yuav nyob rau qhov zoo. Tus tub rog hnyav mus los ntawm ntiav pab rau tus huab tais ntawm lub tsev fuabtais tsuas yog ob peb kauj ruam xwb. Kev ncaj ncees rau nws lub tebchaws, cov xwm txheej tshwm sim txhais tau tias Ireland yog (ntau lossis tsawg dua) raws li kev cai Askiv los ntawm qhov ntawd tawm.

Thaum qee qhov Irish npajlawv tus kheej nrog cov thawj coj tshiab thiab txuas ntxiv mus rau qhov muaj txiaj ntsig kev sib ntaus sib tua, lwm tus tau coj txoj kev mus rau kev tawm tsam. Qhov sib txawv ntawm Irish thiab lus Askiv sai sai plooj, nrog cov lus Askiv nyob hauv tsev yws tias qee tus ntawm lawv cov neeg nyob sib ze tau dhau los ua "Irish ntau dua li Irish".

Nyob rau hauv Tudor lub sij hawm, Ireland officially los ua ib tug colony. Thaj chaw tshiab tau tso cai rau Askiv thiab Scotland los daws cov neeg coob coob los ntawm kev xa cov neeg txom nyem. Cov tub hluas (tsis muaj av) cov tub lag luam tseem raug xa mus rau "Plantations", tsim kom muaj kev txiav txim tshiab ntawm Emerald Isle.

Tam sim no, Vajntxwv Askiv, Henry VIII, tau tawg zoo kawg nkaus nrog cov papacy thiab cov neeg nyob tshiab coj lub tsev teev ntuj Anglican nrog lawv. Txoj kev cai dab qhuas tshiab no tsuas yog hu ua "protestants" los ntawm cov neeg Catholic. Qhov no yog thaum thawj qhov kev faib tawm raws cov kab lis kev cai pib. Cov no tau tob zuj zus nrog kev tuaj txog ntawm Scottish Presbyterians, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv Ulster Plantations. Kev tawm tsam Catholic tsis tu ncua, pro-Parliament thiab saib nrog kev tsis ntseeg los ntawm Anglican Ascendency lawv tsim ib pawg haiv neeg thiab kev ntseeg.

Txoj Cai Tsev - thiab Loyalist Backlash

Tom qab ob peb qhov ua tsis tau tiav hauv tebchaws Irish kev tawm tsam (qee tus coj los ntawm Protestants zoo li Wolfe Tone) thiab kev sib tw ua tiav rau Catholic txoj cai, Irish tau sim lub tswv yim tshiab. "Lub Tsev Txoj Cai" tau los ua lub suab quaj ntawm Irish nationalists nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog Victorian. Qhov no tau hu rau kev xaiv tsa ntawm Irish lub rooj sib tham, uas txhais tau tias xaiv tsoomfwv Irish thiab khiav haujlwm hauv Irish.nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm lub tebchaws United Kingdom. Tom qab ob qhov kev sim, Txoj Cai Hauv Tsev tau dhau los ua qhov tseeb hauv 1914 tab sis tau muab tso tseg dua vim muaj kev tsov rog hauv Tebchaws Europe.

Txoj Cai Hauv Tsev tsis yog txhais tau tias muaj kev txhawb nqa ntau los ntawm cov neeg Askiv cov neeg tsawg, feem ntau yog nyob hauv Ulster, uas ntshai tsam poob lub zog thiab kev tswj hwm. Lawv nyiam qhov txuas ntxiv ntawm qhov xwm txheej quo. Tus kws lij choj Dublin Edward Carson thiab British Conservative politician Bonar Law tau tawm suab tawm tsam Txoj Cai Hauv Tsev, thiab tau hu rau kev tawm tsam loj. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 1912 lub zog tau caw lawv cov phooj ywg koom ua ke kos npe rau "Solemn League thiab Covenant" hauv kev tawm tsam. Ze li ntawm ib nrab lab tus txiv neej thiab poj niam tau kos npe rau daim ntawv no, qee qhov ua rau lawv cov ntshav - cog lus tias yuav khaws Ulster (tsawg kawg) ib feem ntawm United Kingdom los ntawm txhua txoj kev tsim nyog. Hauv xyoo tom ntej no, 100,000 tus txiv neej tau teev npe hauv Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), ib lub koom haum pab tub rog mob siab rau tiv thaiv Txoj Cai Hauv Tsev.

Tib lub sijhawm, Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm Pabcuam Irish tau teeb tsa hauv cov zej zog haiv neeg - nrog lub hom phiaj los tiv thaiv Txoj Cai Hauv Tsev. 200,000 tus tswv cuab tau npaj ua haujlwm.

Kev tawm tsam, Tsov Rog thiab Anglo-Irish Treaty

Cov neeg ua haujlwm pab dawb Irish tuaj rau theem nruab nrab thaum lawv koom nrog Easter Rising ntawm 1916. Cov xwm txheej ntawm kev tawm tsam thiab tom qab ntawd tau tsim ib qho tshiab, radical thiab armed Irish haiv neeg. Kev yeej ntau dhau ntawm Sinn Féin hauv kev xaiv tsa xyoo 1918 tau ua rau tsim thawj Dáil Éireann thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1919. Ib qho kev ua tsov rog guerilla waged los ntawm Irish Republican Army (IRA) ua raws, xaus nyob rau hauv ib tug stalemate thiab thaum kawg.lub truce ntawm lub Xya hli ntuj 1921.

Txoj Cai Hauv Tsev muaj, nyob rau hauv lub teeb ntawm Ulster qhov tsis pom zoo, tau hloov kho rau hauv kev pom zoo sib cais rau rau rau lub nroog Protestant Ulster feem ntau (Antrim, Armagh, Down, Fermanagh, Derry / London thiab Tyrone) thiab yuav tsum tau- txiav txim siab daws rau "South". Qhov no tuaj txog lig xyoo 1921 thaum Anglo-Irish Treaty tsim Irish Free State tawm ntawm 26 lub nroog uas tseem tshuav, txiav txim los ntawm Dáil Éireann. Qhov kev cais no dhau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm kev faib.

Yog tias koj poob rau hauv keeb kwm nyuaj, peb muaj lwm qhov kev sib tw uas yuav tsum tau qhia. Thaum Txoj Cai Lij Choj tau los ua haujlwm tiag tiag, nws tau tsim lub Xeev Dawb Irish ntawm 32 lub nroog, tag nrho cov kob. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj cov lus xaiv tawm rau rau lub nroog hauv Ulster thiab qhov no tau raug hu, vim qee lub sijhawm teeb meem, tsuas yog hnub tom qab Lub Xeev Dawb tau los ua. Yog li ntawd txog ib hnub, muaj kev sib koom ua ke Ireland nkaus xwb, tsuas yog muab faib ua ob los ntawm tag kis sawv ntxov.

Yog li Ireland tau faib, nrog kev pom zoo ntawm cov neeg sib tham hauv tebchaws uas tau tawm tsam kev ywj pheej rau tag nrho Ireland. Thaum cov kev ywj pheej feem ntau lees txais qhov kev cog lus raws li qhov kev phem tsawg dua, cov neeg tawm tsam nyuaj tau pom tias nws yog qhov muag tawm. Irish Civil War ntawm IRA thiab Free State Forces ua raws, ua rau muaj ntshav ntau, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev tua ntau dua li Easter Rising. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv kaum xyoo tom ntej no yog qhov kev cog lus kom tshem tawm ib kauj ruam dhau los, ua tiav hauv qhov kev tshaj tawm tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm "lub tebchaws ywj pheej, ywj pheej ywj pheej" hauv xyoo 1937. Cov koom pheej ntawm Ireland Act (1948)ua tiav kev tsim lub xeev tshiab.

North Kauslim xaiv tsa Parliament

Kev xaiv tsa xyoo 1918 hauv tebchaws Askiv tsis yog ua tiav rau Sinn Féin - Cov Neeg Saib Xyuas tau lees paub los ntawm Lloyd George tias rau lub nroog Ulster yuav tsis raug yuam hauv Tsev Txoj Cai. Tab sis qhov kev pom zoo ntawm 1919 tau tawm tswv yim rau ib lub rooj sib tham rau (tag nrho cuaj lub nroog ntawm) Ulster thiab lwm qhov rau tag nrho Ireland, ob qho tib si ua haujlwm ua ke. Cavan, Donegal thiab Monaghan tom qab raug tshem tawm ntawm Ulster parliament. Vim lawv txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm haiv neeg, lawv raug suav tias yog kev puas tsuaj rau Unionist pov npav. Qhov no, qhov tseeb, tsim qhov muab faib raws li nws txuas ntxiv mus txog hnub no.

Xyoo 1920, Tsoom Fwv Tebchaws Ireland tau dhau los. Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1921, thawj qhov kev xaiv tsa tau muaj nyob rau hauv Northern Ireland thiab feem ntau ntawm Unionist tau tsim lub (kev npaj) lub siab tshaj plaws ntawm qhov kev txiav txim qub. Raws li kev cia siab, Northern Irish Parliament tsis lees txais qhov kev thov los koom nrog Irish Dawb Xeev.

Ib feem ntawm Irish muab faib rau cov neeg ncig tebchaws

Thaum txog li ob peb xyoos dhau los hla ntawm Republic mus rau sab qaum teb tuaj yeem koom nrog kev tshawb nrhiav thiab tshawb nrhiav cov lus nug, ciam teb niaj hnub no tsis pom. Nws kuj tseem tsis tau tswj hwm, vim tsis muaj qhov chaw kuaj xyuas lossis txawm tias cov paib!

Txawm li cas los xij, tseem muaj qee qhov cuam tshuam, rau cov neeg ncig tebchaws thiab chaw kuaj xyuas ib txwm muaj. Thiab nrog Brexit tam sim no pib ua haujlwm, tej yam yuav nyuaj dua.

• Northern Ireland tseem yog ib feem ntawm UK, koom pheej ib lub xeev cais - qhov no txhais tau tias koj yuav tau kuaj xyuas Askivthiab Irish kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw thiab vixaj txoj cai ua ntej hla ciam teb.
• Muaj ob lub txiaj ntsig hauv tebchaws Ireland - thaum lub koom pheej siv Euro, Northern Ireland clings rau phaus Sterling.
• Thaum tsav tsheb hla tebchaws Ireland koj yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias cov paib txoj kev sib txawv - tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias qhov nrawm thiab qhov deb tau tshaj tawm hauv mais nyob rau sab qaum teb, hauv mais hauv Republic.
• Qhia nrog koj lub tuam txhab tsheb xauj seb koj puas tau tso cai hla ciam teb - qee zaum muaj kev txwv.
• Txawm hais tias Northern Ireland yuav tsum tsis txhob suav tias yog qhov chaw txaus ntshai, qhov xwm txheej kev nyab xeeb yuav hu rau kev ntsuas tsis yooj yim ib ntus - kev khiav tsheb khiav yog qhov pom tseeb tshaj plaws.
• Tus nqi tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm Northern Ireland thiab Republic - roj av feem ntau kim dua nyob rau sab qaum teb thaum cov khoom noj yuav pheej yig dua nyob ntawd.

Plans rau Irish muab faib tom qab Brexit

Qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm UK los ntawm EU (Brexit) tau tshwm sim thaum Lub Ib Hlis 31, 2020. Northern Ireland yog ib feem ntawm United Kingdom thiab Republic of Ireland tsis yog. Txawm hais tias Northern Ireland npaj yuav tawm hauv European Union, cov koom pheej yuav nyob twj ywm ib feem ntawm EU. Qhov kev faib tawm tau muaj ciam teb tsis zoo, tab sis ib qho kev pheej hmoo yog tias nws yuav dhau los ua ib qho nyuaj, patrolled ciam teb yav tom ntej. Nws tseem yuav pom tias Brexit yuav cuam tshuam li cas rau kev faib tawm, yog tias tag nrho.