20 Lub Tuam Tsev Sab saum toj hauv Bangalore thiab qhov chaw sab ntsuj plig pom

2024 Tus sau: Cyrus Reynolds | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-08 03:06

Bangalore feem ntau hu ua Is Nrias teb lub peev IT. Txawm li cas los xij, lub nroog kuj tau hais tias muaj ntau dua 1,000 lub tuam tsev thiab chaw teev hawm. Lawv tau tsim nyob rau ntau xyoo los ntawm kev tswj hwm dynasties, yos rov qab mus rau Cholas nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 10th. Txawm tias muaj ntau yam keeb kwm tseem ceeb, lwm tus yog niaj hnub. Nov yog cov tuam tsev saum toj kawg nkaus hauv Bangalore, nrog rau ashrams, mosques thiab cov tsev teev ntuj tuaj xyuas.

Yog tias koj xav tau kev coj ua, Travspire ua qhov kev pom zoo thiab pom zoo ib nrab hnub Bangalore Tuam Tsev Ncig Saib.

ISKCON Tuam Tsev

Bangalore's Sri Radha Krishna ISKCON lub tuam tsev yog ib lub tuam tsev ISKCON loj tshaj plaws nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb, muab rau Tswv Krishna. Lub tuam tsev tau ua tiav xyoo 1997 thiab zaum saum ib lub roob xya-acre, hu ua Hare Krishna Hill, ntawm Rajaji Nagar nyob rau sab qaum teb Bangalore. Nws tau raug tsim los ua cov kab lis kev cai loj loj los txhawb Vedic kab lis kev cai thiab kev kawm ntawm sab ntsuj plig. Qhov txawv txawv architecture fuses classic Dravidian thiab niaj hnub style, nrog ib txwm gopuram (ntauwd) thiab iav panels. Thaum tsaus ntuj, lub complex yog evocatively illuminated. Lub tuam tsev qhib rau kev pe hawm thaum 4:15 teev sawv ntxov txog 12:30 teev tsaus ntuj. rau cov kev pab cuam thaum sawv ntxov thiab los ntawm 4.15 p.m.mus 8.15 p.m. rau cov kev pab cuam yav tsaus ntuj Ceremonies nrog chanting yog muaj nyob rau hauv lub tsev loj txhua 15 feeb. Cov qhua tuaj yeem koom nrog, thiab muaj kev sib tham nrog cov kws qhia ntawv tom qab.

Lub Tuam Tsev Loj Loj thiab Lub Tuam Tsev Ganesh

Cov cuab yeej cuab tam thaj chaw ntawm Basavanagudi nyob rau sab hnub poob Bangalore yog lub tsev rau ntau lub tuam tsev qub, ib qho ntawm lub tuam tsev nto moo xyoo pua 16th Bull (Dodda Basavana Gudi). Lub tuam tsev Dravidian-style no tau tsim los ntawm Vijayanagar tus kav Kempe Gowda, uas tsim lub nroog. Nws tau txais nws lub npe los ntawm nws lub hnub qub attraction - loj heev monolithic Nandi (Tus Tswv Shiva tus nyuj) uas yog carved tawm ntawm granite pob zeb. Lub tuam tsev nyob hauv Bugle Rock Park thiab feem ntau mus xyuas nrog rau Dodda Ganeshana Gudi. Lub tuam tsev no muaj ib tug loj monolithic mlom ntawm Tswv Ganesh. Cov pob zeb qub tsim hauv Bugle Rock Park yog qhov kev nyiam ntxiv. Sim thiab ntes lub xyoo Kadalekai Parishe av txiv ntoo ua koob tsheej uas tshwm sim thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis lossis Kaum Ob Hlis, thaum cov neeg ua liaj ua teb muab lawv thawj cov txiv ntoo rau cov nyuj dawb huv.

Gavi Gangadhareshwara Tuam Tsev (Gavipuram Cave Tuam Tsev)

Kempe Gowda kuj tau kho lub Tuam Tsev Gavi Gangadhareshwara (lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub qhov tsua ntawm tus Tswv uas Adorns the Ganga) hauv Gavipuram, tsis deb ntawm Basavanagudi. Lub tuam tsev Shiva no yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau kev txiav rau hauv pob zeb thiab nws qhov tshwj xeeb astronomical qhov tseem ceeb. Txog ib teev ua ntej hnub poob ntawm Makar Sankranti (Lub Ib Hlis 14 lossis 15 txhua xyoo), lub hnub lub rays hla ntawm lub horns ntawm Shiva tus nyuj thiab da dej.lub tuam tsev lub ntsiab mlom nyob rau hauv lub teeb. Qhov kev pom nrov no hu ua Surya Majjana, lossis Sun Bath.

Tuam Tsev Someshwara

Lwm yam ntawm Bangalore cov tuam tsev qub Shiva, Someshwara Tuam Tsev zaum ntawm Ulsoor Lake thiab ntseeg tau tias tau tsim tsa thaum lub sijhawm Chola. Qhov tseem ceeb, nws tau ntau pua xyoo dhau los ntawm lub nroog uas nws nyob hauv! Lub tuam tsev kuj tau kho dua tshiab los ntawm Kempe Gowda nyob rau xyoo pua 16th thiab nws cov gopurams (ntauwd) ntxiv tom qab ntawd. Nyob rau hauv, lub tuam tsev 48 intricately carved ncej yog nyob rau hauv lub Vijayanagar era ib yam nkaus thiab. Cov carvings ntawm lub tuam tsev phab ntsa, qee qhov uas qhia txog Shiva txoj kev sib yuav rau Parvati, yog qhov tseem ceeb. Lub tuam tsev qhib thaum 6 teev sawv ntxov txog tav su thiab 5.30 teev tsaus ntuj. mus 9pm. txhua hnub.

Nageshwara Tuam Tsev Complex

Nws tsim nyog tawm mus rau Begur, ntawm ib sab ntawm Hosur Road nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Bangalore, saib lub tuam tsev Nageshwara complex. Nws rov qab mus rau lub sijhawm Ganga thiab Chola. Tsis zoo li Someshwara Tuam Tsev, cov architecture yog qhov txawv ntawm Chola. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov txaus siab tshaj plaws yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm inscription los ntawm lub xyoo pua 9th lig uas hais txog Bengaluru (Bangalore) tsov rog. Qhov no qhia txog qhov muaj nyob ntawm Bangalore txoj kev ua ntej lub nroog tsim los ntawm Kempe Gowda nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th.

Kadu Malleshwara Tuam Tsev

Kadu Malleshwara Tuam Tsev (tseem hu ua Mallikarjuna Swamy Tuam Tsev) tau tsim nyob rau xyoo pua 17th los ntawm Venkoji, tus kwv yau ntawm Maratha tus kavChhatrapati Shivaji, uas kav Thanjavur hauv Tamil Nadu. Nws yog Ameslikas nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm cov hav zoov tuab uas tom qab ntawd muab txoj hauv kev mus rau lwm qhov ntawm Bangalore cov chaw qub qub, Malleshwara hauv nroog sab hnub poob. Sib nrug los ntawm qhov tseeb tias cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig tau txais nws lub npe los ntawm lub tuam tsev, qhov zoo tshaj plaws lineup ntawm pob zeb nab gods (nagas) nyob rau hauv lub tuam tsev thaj chaw yog fascinating. Lawv tau txais kev pab los ntawm cov neeg hauv zos ua khoom plig rau kev ua tiav ntawm kev xav lossis tshem tawm kev foom phem. Nws tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas txhua tus nab, uas tej zaum yuav raug cuam tshuam thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho ntawm lub zej zog, tau muab tso rau kom tsis txhob muaj kev puas tsuaj rau cov neeg nyob hauv. Tus nab yog ze rau tus Tswv Shiva, uas lub tuam tsev tau muab siab rau (nws hnav ib ncig ntawm nws caj dab). Lub tuam tsev qhib thaum 7 teev sawv ntxov txog tav su thiab 6 teev tsaus ntuj. mus 9pm. Nws tshwj xeeb yog festive nyob ib ncig ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm Maha Shivaratri (nyob rau hauv lig Lub ob hlis ntuj los yog thaum ntxov Lub peb hlis ntuj) thaum lub sij hawm ib lub lim tiam ua koob tsheej. Nkauj thiab seev cev ua yeeb yam tsis tu ncua ntawm lub tuam tsev thiab. Tawm tsam nws yog lub Tuam Tsev Dakshina Mukha Nandi Teertha Kalyani tsis paub, uas tau tshawb pom thaum tsim kho xyoo 1997. Cov dej ntws tsis tu ncua ntog rau ntawm nws tus mlom tab sis qhov chaw tseem tsis paub.

Kote Venkataramana Tuam Tsev

Lub tuam tsev xyoo pua 17th no tau muab siab rau tus Tswv Venkateshwara thiab txuas mus rau Tipu Sultan lub Caij Ntuj Sov Palace, ze Bangalore thaj chaw K. R. Kev ua lag luam (paub tias muaj ib lub lag luam paj loj tshaj plaws hauv Asia). Nws yog lub tsev teev ntuj huab tais ntawm Mysore's Wodeyar cov thawj coj, uas tau yuav lublub nroog los ntawm nws cov Mughal occupiers thiab nyob rau hauv ib lub palace nyob ib sab ntawm lub tuam tsev. Tipu Sultan, tom qab Islamic kav ntawm Mysore, hloov lub palace nrog ib qho ntawm nws tus kheej tsim tab sis khaws lub tuam tsev. Nws muaj hmoo tias nws tau ua li ntawd, raws li tus ncej zeb tuab nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm nws tau hais tias tau tiv thaiv nws kom tsis txhob raug ntaus thaum Tsov Rog Thib Peb Anglo-Mysore xyoo 1791.

Jamia Masjid

Jamia Masjid, lub nroog qhov pom kev zoo nkauj tshaj plaws, sawv ntawm qhov kawg ntawm Silver Jubilee Park ze rau KR. Kev ua lag luam. Nws tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1940, yog li nws tsis yog qhov qub heev. Txawm li cas los xij, nws muaj elegant, timeless architecture thiab yog ua nrog dawb marble los ntawm Rajasthan. Lub mosque tau mob siab rau Tipu Sultan thiab kev ua koob tsheej tshwj xeeb yog tuav txhua xyoo rau hnub tseem ceeb ntawm nws txoj kev tuag. Nws lub tsev thov Vajtswv loj loj muaj qhov chaw rau 10,000 tus neeg ntseeg. Kuj tseem muaj ntau qhov frescoes hais txog Tipu Sultan hauv lub thaj neeb.

Dharmaraya Swamy Tuam Tsev

Nyob rau hauv tib cheeb tsam, 800+ xyoo Dharmaraya Swamy Tuam Tsev yog ib qho ntawm ob peb lub tuam tsev hauv Is Nrias teb uas tau mob siab rau cov kwv tij Pandavas thiab lawv tus poj niam Draupadi los ntawm Hindu epic The Mahabharata. Nws kuj tseem ceeb heev rau nws lub cim Karaga Festival, muaj nyob rau lub Peb Hlis lossis Plaub Hlis. Thaum lub caij ua koob tsheej, ib tug pov thawj hauv lub tuam tsev hnav khaub ncaws zoo li ib tug poj niam thiab nqa ib lub khob loj loj karaga lauj kaub hla lub nroog txoj kev hauv kev sib tw. Lub lauj kaub cim qhia txog Draupadi, uas ntseeg tias yuav rov qab los txhua xyoo thiab muab koob hmoov.

BanashankariTemple

Banashankari Tuam Tsev, ntawm Kanakapura Road nyob rau sab qab teb Bangalore, yog qhov txaus siab rau nws txoj kev ntseeg ntau dua li nws cov architecture lossis keeb kwm. Lub tuam tsev tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1915 los ntawm ib tug ardent devotee ntawm vajtswv poj niam Banashankari, deity ntawm hav zoov thiab daim ntawv ntawm Goddess Parvati (tus Tswv Shiva tus poj niam) uas los rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no mus tua ib tug teeb meem dab. Dab tsi ua rau nws txawv txawv yog tias Vajtswv yog pe hawm thaum lub sij hawm tsis zoo ntawm hnub (Rahukala). Dab tsi ntxiv, devotees muab kev thov Vajtswv los ntawm teeb pom kev zoo roj teeb ua los ntawm hollowed tawm lemons. Qhov no tshwm sim feem ntau hnub Tuesday, Fridays thiab Sundays. Nws ntseeg tias tus vajtswv poj niam pab kov yeej txoj kev nyuaj siab thiab kev nyuaj siab.

Ragigudda Sri Prasanna Anjaneyaswamy Tuam Tsev

Ntawm lub roob zeb nyob ze ntawm Jayanagar, Lub Tuam Tsev Ragigudda yog lub tuam tsev tseem ceeb nrog lub nroog panoramic. Lub tuam tsev tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1969 thiab tau muab siab rau tus Tswv Hanuman, tus vajtswv liab, uas tau pe hawm los ntawm cov devotees ntsib kev txom nyem thiab xav tau kev pab los txheeb xyuas lawv lub neej. Nws tau txais nws lub npe los ntawm ib pawg loj heev ntawm ragi nplej uas pom meej tig mus rau hauv toj pob zeb. Tswv Brahma, Vishnu thiab Shiva tau hais tias tau mus xyuas qhov chaw thiab txiav txim siab nyob ntawd. Lawv tau piav qhia carved mus rau 32 ko taw siab monolithic blocks. Lub tuam tsev complex kuj muaj thaj neeb ntawm Ram, Sita thiab Lakshman. Nws qhib thaum 8 teev sawv ntxov txog 11.30 teev sawv ntxov thiab 5 teev tsaus ntuj. mus 8pm. thaum lub lim tiam. Hnub so nws tseem qhib txog 12.30 teev tsaus ntuj. tav su thiab 9.00 p.m. hmo ntuj. CovHanuman Jayanti kev ua koob tsheej ua kev zoo siab nrog kev zoo siab rau 12 hnub, feem ntau yog lub Plaub Hlis.

Shivoham Shiva Tuam Tsev

Qhov kev nyiam tseem ceeb ntawm lub Tuam Tsev Shivoham Shiva, ua rau xyoo 1995, yog nws cov pej thuam siab ntawm 65 ko taw ntawm Tswv Shiva. Nws zaum hauv lotus txoj hauj lwm ntawm ib tug tsov tawv nqaij tiv thaiv ib tug recreated backdrop ntawm nws ice abode ntawm Mount Kailash. Sab hauv ntawm lub roob yog qhov ua tau taug kev los ntawm kev nthuav qhia uas piav qhia txhua yam txog Tswv Shiva. Lub tuam tsev lub hom phiaj yog los qhia cov neeg nrhiav thiab txhawb cov neeg ntseeg kom koom nrog kev thov Vajtswv muaj txiaj ntsig. Cov pov thawj sib tham txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev thov Vajtswv thiab pujas nrog tib neeg kom lawv nkag siab lawv, tsis yog ua rau lawv xwb. Lub tuam tsev nyob ib sab ntawm Kempfort Mall ntawm Old Airport Road. Nws qhib 24 teev thiab nkag tau dawb thaum 9 teev sawv ntxov txog 9 teev tsaus ntuj. Koj yuav tsum tau yuav daim pib rau kev nkag tshwj xeeb thiab koom nrog kev ua yeeb yam txawm li cas los xij. Cov nyiaj tau los mus txhawb RVM Humanitarian Tsev Kho Mob thiab Tsev rau cov neeg pluag thiab cov neeg txom nyem. Txawm li cas los xij, qee cov neeg xav tias lub tuam tsev muaj kev lag luam ntau dhau nrog kev thov nyiaj pub dawb. Cov Neeg Ntseeg 'Hnub rau hnub Monday yog lub sijhawm muaj neeg coob tshaj plaws hauv lub tuam tsev, nrog rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm sab ntsuj plig txhua hnub thiab nyob bhajans (cov nkauj teev hawm teev ntuj) hmo ntuj txij 10.45 teev tsaus ntuj. mus rau 11.45 p.m.

Shrunagiri Shanmukha

Lub tuam tsev high-tech nrog LED thiab laser teeb? Yog lawm! Rau lub ntsej muag loj heev ntawm tus Tswv Shanmukha (tus tub ntawm Shiva thiab Parvati) thiab lawv cov embellished siv lead ua dome yog dazzlingly illuminated hmo ntuj ntawm no es.ostentatious lub tuam tsev complex. Lub tuam tsev yog ib ceg ntawm Sringeri Sharada Peetham, ib qho ntawm plaub lub tsev teev ntuj Advaita Vedanta tsim los ntawm Adi Shankara thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 8th. Nws lub taub hau guru tau txais kev tshoov siab los tsim lub tuam tsev ntawm ib lub toj siab nyob hauv Bangalore sab hnub poob ntawm Rajarajeshwari Nagar. Nws tau tsim los ntawm lub zej zog tus tsim tawm, R. Arunachalam, thiab tau qhib rau xyoo 1995. Muaj peb lub thaj neeb nyob hauv qhov complex. Lwm tus tau mob siab rau lords Shiva thiab Ganesh. Cov yam ntxwv muaj xws li ob lub peacock loj ntawm qhov nkag thiab R. Arunachalam tus kheej sau ntau tshaj 1,000 Ganesh mlom. Lub tuam tsev complex qhib txhua hnub los ntawm 6.30 a.m. txog 12.30 p.m. thiab 4.30 p.m. mus 9pm. Txawm li cas los xij, kev saib cov dab dab tsis tuaj yeem ua tau kom txog thaum tom qab 10 teev sawv ntxov

Hanuman Tuam Tsev

Agara lub zos, nyob rau sab qab teb Bangalore, muaj ntau lub tuam tsev nyob ze ntawm tus choj. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog lub Tuam Tsev Jagannath tsis ntev los no, muab siab rau Odisha tus hwm Tswv Jagannath, thiab lub Tuam Tsev Hanuman nyob ib sab ntawm nws. Lub Tuam Tsev Me Me Hanuman yog tswj hwm los ntawm tus pej thuam siab 102 ko taw (31 meter) ntawm tus Tswv Hanuman, qhov siab tshaj plaws hauv nroog. Txawm hais tias lub tuam tsev tsuas yog qhib thaum sawv ntxov thiab yav tsaus ntuj, tus pej thuam tuaj yeem pom txhua lub sijhawm.

Saint Mark's Cathedral

Bangalore lub tsev teev ntuj qub tshaj plaws, Saint Mark's Cathedral nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm MG Road ze Cubbon Park. Nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1808, kev tsim kho tau tiav hauv 1812, thiabNpis Sov ntawm Calcutta tau fij lub tsev teev ntuj nyob rau hauv 1816. Nws architecture tau tshwm sim los ntawm Saint Paul lub Cathedral nyob rau London thiab muaj dome, semi-circular chamber thiab roman arches. Kev kho dua tshiab ua tiav ntxiv cov qauv vaj tsev sib txawv, ua haujlwm ntoo, carvings thiab iav stained.

Saint Mary's Basilica

Zoo kawg nkaus Gothic-style Saint Mary's Basilica pib ua ib lub tsev teev ntuj me me ua los ntawm Fab Kis xyoo 1818. Nws tau rov ua dua tshiab hauv nws daim ntawv tam sim no hauv xyoo 1875 thiab tau fij rau xyoo 1882. Lub tsev teev ntuj nyob rau sab nraud Russell Market Square hauv Shivaji Nagar., mus rau sab qaum teb ntawm Saint Mark's Cathedral. Txhua xyoo Saint Mary's Success yog ua kev zoo siab rau lub Cuaj Hli 8 txhua xyoo, nrog rau qhov tseem ceeb yog kev caij tsheb sib tw thaum yav tsaus ntuj nqa tus mlom rau-foot ntawm Niam Mary hla txoj kev.

Lub Koom Txoos Me Nyuam Yaus Tswv Yexus

Lub Koom Txoos Me Nyuam Yaus Yexus, hauv Vivek Nagar, tau tsim muaj xyoo 1969 thiab pib tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li lub tsev pheeb suab qub. Lub tsev teev ntuj tau muaj koob meej tom qab tus Me Nyuam Yaus Yexus tau ntseeg tias tau ua ntau yam txuj ci tseem ceeb. Txij li cov txuj ci tseem ceeb no tau tshwm sim rau hnub Thursday, hnub tau mob siab rau tus menyuam mos. Tam sim no, ntau txhiab tus neeg ntawm txhua txoj kev ntseeg tuaj rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj rau hnub Thursday kom teeb tswm ciab thiab thov Vajtswv kom lawv cov txuj ci tseem ceeb tshwm sim. Lub tsev teev ntuj lub hwj chim txuj ci tseem ceeb txawm raug muab ua yeeb yaj kiab Tamil, Kulanthai Yesu (Baby Jesus).

Art of Living International Center

Lub Tsev Kawm Txuj Ci Txuj Ci yog lub hauv paus ntawm Art of Living Foundation, tsim los ntawm Sri Sri Ravi Shankar. Lub chaw tau nthuav dav tshaj 65 daim av nyob rau sab hnub poob sab hnub poob ntawm Bangalore thiab yog ib qho ntawm cov ashrams sab saum toj hauv Is Nrias teb. Nws qhia cov txheej txheem ua pa hu ua Sudarshan Kriya, raws li Vedas thaum ub, los pab tib neeg nyob hauv lub neej tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab. Ntau yam kev pab cuam nyob hauv tsev thiab kev tawm mus yog ua. Kuj tseem muaj Ayurvedic noj qab haus huv chaw thiab chaw muag tshuaj, spa, khw, café, boutique thiab tsev qiv ntawv.

Ramakrishna Math

Lub Bangalore ceg ntawm Ramakrishna Math, ntawm Bull Tuam Tsev Txoj Kev, tau teeb tsa hauv xyoo 1904. Lub koom haum monastic no rau cov txiv neej yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm Ramakrishna Movement, nrhiav tau los ntawm kev hwm xyoo 19th Indian tus thawj coj ntawm sab ntsuj plig Sri Ramakrishna (Swami Vivekananda) yog nws thawj tug thwj tim). Nws cov lus qhia yog ua raws li txheej txheem ntawm Vedanta, uas ua ke ob qho tib si Hindu kev ntseeg thiab kev xav. Math qhov dav, thaj chaw zoo nkauj qhib rau cov neeg tuaj saib thiab yog qhov chaw zoo rau kev so. Kuj tseem muaj qee qhov tshwj xeeb nyiam - dawb huv relics ntawm Sri Ramakrishna, lub pob zeb uas Sri Sarada Devi (tus poj niam ntawm Sri Ramakrishna) zaum thiab xav, thiab lub rooj zaum pob zeb siv los ntawm Swami Vivekananda. Lwm qhov chaw muaj xws li lub tsev qiv ntawv, tsev muag ntawv phau ntawv (kaw hnub Mondays), thiab lub tsev kawm ntawv uas muaj cov lus qhuab qhia thiab kev qhuab qhia. Lub tuam tsev qhib txhua hnub thaum 5 teev sawv ntxov txog tav su thiab 4 teev tsaus ntuj. mus 8.30 p.m. Kev thov Vajtswv thaum 7 teev tsaus ntuj

Brindavan Sri Sathya Sai Baba Ashram

Qhov thib ob ntawm Sri Sathya Sai Baba's ashrams, Brindavan tau qhib rau xyoo 1960 thiab ua nws qhov chaw nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov. Nws nyob ze Whitefield, txog ib teev sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub nroog nruab nrab. Qhov txawv thiab tsis sib haum xeeb guru, uas tau tas sim neej nyob rau hauv 2011, tau lees tias yog ib tug incarnation ntawm Sai Baba ntawm Shirdi. Nws cov lus qhia yog tsom mus rau kev hlub thiab kev pabcuam uas tsis muaj xwm txheej. Lub ashram muaj ib lub sij hawm txhua hnub ntawm kev xav, chanting, pe hawm thiab hu nkauj.